High-Q | סימולציה 2

20

סימולציה מס' 2

פרק רא שון

– אנגלית

Avalanches boost plant diversity, researchers say, because they first clear the land, gouging out permanent open spaces through terrain that would otherwise be densely covered with trees. Plants and shrubs that cannot grow under shady evergreen trees spring 10 up in these sunny chutes, providing important nutrition for large mammals as well as a variety of birds. The result is that slide tracks have become vital winter habitat for all types of animals. Because mountain forests are often buried by 3 meters or more of snow in winter, grazing animals not only can’t forage, they can’t move through the deep snow. But 15 avalanches often sweep slide tracks practically clear of snow, so the tops of plants may stick out. Mountain goats and deer frequently trot out to graze; caribou, which live on tree lichens in the winter, appear to use slides for easier traveling. Of course, moving through avalanches is just as dangerous for animals as it is for people. Avalanche-kills are responsible for about 15% of caribou deaths. The resulting 20 carrion provides plentiful supply of food for wolverines, which build dens near the bottom of avalanche paths. Grizzly bears spend about 60% of their time in avalanche tracks. And it’s not just food they’re after. Females ready to breed go to the same spots in the same chutes year after year and wait for the males to show up. “These sites are critical for bears,” says Mace. 25

Questions

13. The main topic of the passage above is - (1) how avalanches benefit wildlife (2) the physical effects of avalanches on mountain terrain

(3) large mammals of high mountain areas (4) how caribou survive in the mountains

14. According to the first paragraph, several agencies want to protect the tracks made by avalanches in order to - (1) built log houses for humans (2) protect the trees and wildlife from being swept by the avalanche (3) preserve their benefits to wildlife (4) conduct biological researches about the tracks

15. According to the passage, avalanches help create plant diversity by - (1) sweeping avalanche tracks almost totally clear of snow (2) providing food resources for wolverines (3) making space for plants which need lots of sun (4) increasing caribou mortality

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